COVID19, the war in Ukraine, the economic crisis, the energy crisis, climate change

Each month brings new fears and new reasons to worry about the future. In a world marked by permanent change, by the occurrence of the unthinkable generating a continuous feeling of insecurity, having confidence has become increasingly difficult: confidence in the future, confidence in our environments, in our organisations, confidence in our contemporaries, confidence in our collaborators and confidence in our ability to face a difficult tomorrow. Confidence and fear are inseparable and they are like the opposite sides of the same coin. Unable to look at both sides of a coin at the same time, we must constantly fight our fears with confidence. Therefore, more than ever, trust is an essential element to obtain team security and it only takes one person feeling insecure for the overall confidence of the team to be eroded. This feeling of low self-confidence is particularly true for the younger generation of veterinary surgeons and specialized veterinary assistants. This can result in difficulties that are often unexpressed and can lead professionals to abandon these vocations of "passion" since they do not feel up to the expectations of clients and managers alike. Building the self-confidence of the people concerned has become a professional priority. The origin of the feeling of lack of self-confidence is collective. Therefore, its treatment is collective. Since each member has the capacity to fight against their fears, he or she can play their part and increase security in the team.

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on milk production per hectare in Ecuadorian herds

Dairy production systems in Ecuador have been studied in the last 10 years. During the Covid-2019 pandemic, the entire human society was harmed and agricultural activities affected by the disease and by the restrictions implemented to prevent its spread. The dairy industry did not escape this global situation and was affected in various countries. Reports from Ecuador and Asian countries indicate the unfavorable effect that this global health emergency situation had on dairy production. However, according to a report by the Argentine Dairy Chain Observatory1, world milk production had a constant growth of around 3%. It is considered that the activities carried out by veterinarians, milking and animal handling operators, inseminators and by the personnel dedicated to the management of paddocks were affected by Covid-19. Likewise, the supply of medicines, agricultural inputs and technology had a critical situation due to the pandemic. In addition, the response times were not always adequate, especially due to the absenteeism of livestock personnel, human mortality and effects on the health and well-being of people . Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the effects the pandemic could have on the country's cattle farms. The objective of this work was to evaluate whether the pandemic period affected milk production per hectare per year in Ecuadorian herds.

Building the new client experience in a post COVID world

This article offers some advice on how veterinary practices can effectively use mobile apps and digital technology to improve the client experience.

The impact of temporary COVID-19 legislative moves on the ability of food enterprises to pivot in Arizona. (Special Issue: The impact of the covid-19 pandemic and the foodservice industries.)

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted shortfalls in the U.S. food system, exposing how regulatory processes shape access to the market. This paper builds on ongoing research following the impact of shut-down orders on alcohol retail via small restaurants and breweries in Arizona and examines the impacts of regulatory shifts on the ability of these food enterprises to pivot. We highlight how the concept of the pivot creates expectations of individual businesses ability to be resilient to shocks. Responses within Arizona to COVID-19 induced systemic failures, demonstrate that bottom-up pivots from small businesses can creatively and quickly meet local community needs. However, those efforts were stymied by state government and top-down approaches that proved incapable of pivoting to meet local needs. Through this case study, we highlight the need and opportunity for further examination of the interplay between regulatory agencies and small businesses in times of crisis. We invite others into the work of creating guidelines for pivoting that facilitate bottom-up and top-down collaboration while ensuring the voice and agency of different players.

Viral diseases of poultry in Assam, India: a review

The Indian poultry market is estimated to have an annual growth rate of 8.1% as of today. However, infectious diseases in poultry pose an important constraint in the growth and development of this sector in our region. Among infectious diseases, viral diseases of poultry pose a serious threat to the poultry industry from an economic point of view. Several viral disease outbreaks have been reported by various researchers from different parts of the country. Among the common viral diseases of poultry, incidences of Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza, Fowl Pox, Infectious Bursal Disease, Marek's disease, Infectious Bronchitis, Infectious Laryngotracheitis and Inclusion Body Hepatitis are significant in Assam as well as other parts of India. Thorough epidemiological studies followed by the identification of different serotypes, pathotypes, strains, etc. by genotyping and molecular characterization of viral disease pathogens may lead to ways to control and eradicate the diseases. Importance should be given to maintaining basic preventive measures like biosecurity, farm hygiene, and proper vaccination. In a developing country like India, disease outbreaks can impact the country's economy. In this study, a brief view of the common viral disease of poultry and its diagnosis and control strategies in Assam, India is depicted. However, this review well indicates a plethora of avian diseases that have occurred over the years causing a severe impact on poultry farming as a whole.

A leading policy maker for the veterinary environments at As

Infection control has always been, and always will be, the core of preparedness against infectious diseases. As an example, the covid-19 outbreak highlights the consequences serious infectious diseases can have on our civilization, and not least how important it is to be prepared for new pandemics. In April 2008, the authorities decided to move the Veterinary College (NVH) and the Veterinary Institute (VI) to As. One of the reasons for moving was that the old building mass at Adamstua no longer met modern and up-to-date requirements for infection control. This article describes the development of the infection control concept as a leading premise for planning the new veterinary buildings at As. It deals with the period with the design of the draft project and preliminary project, that is to say the time from the authorities' decision to relocate until the initial grant was given in 2013.No detailed description of how the individual buildings have been designed to ensure infection control has been given. The functionality of the infection control in the new facilities can only be assessed once the premises have been put into use and tested over time.

Poultry Middle East & North Africa: yearbook of international suppliers 2021-2022

This yearbook highlights the challenges faced by companies involved in animal production during the pandemic caused by Covid-19 and how they were able to communicate, hold exhibitions and do business during this crises. The yearbook likewise states the goal and prayers of suppliers, organizers, and other companies of the livestock sector for the following year.

Effective vaccination of broiler parental flock as a guarantee of prevention of viral diseases in broilers

The successful experiment in large-scale commercial conditions is described with new vaccination program for broiler parental flock involving vaccination at 130 days of age (at the transfer of pullets to poultry houses for adult broiler breeders) with 4-valent vaccine PROVAC 4 against chicken infectious bronchitis, Newcastle and Gumboro diseases, and reoviral infection, together with additional vaccination against rhinotracheitis. Control treatment was vaccinated according to a standard scheme previously used in the farm, with separate vaccines against the aforementioned diseases;certain vaccines contained several antigens of a single disease. It was found that productive performance in the parental flocks and in broilers from these flocks was similar and consistently high with both vaccination schemes;the antibody titers at different ages of parental flocks were also similar. However, the cost of the experimental vaccination scheme was lower by 16% as compared to the standard one;on 4 batches of parental flock (120,000 hens each) it saved over 1 mio. rubles to the farm. The conclusion was made that vaccine PROVAC 4 can provide prolonged and effective protection of broiler parental flock and its progeny against viral diseases at low financial expenses.

The consequences of defaunation on global health

This article describes the regulatory, health and environmental aspects of defaunation, including its effects on biodiversity, the status of COVID-19 and other zoonoses, wildlife conservation and One Health.

Effects of COVID-19 on China's fur-bearing animal breeding industry

In this paper, the development trend and current situation of fur-bearing animal breeding industry in China in last decade were summarized. The effect of the sudden break out of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on fur-bearing animal breeding in China was analyzed. Meanwhile, the future development of China's fur-bearing animal husbandry was prospected, and the suggestions to perfect fur-bearing animal husbandry in our country were also put forward.

Economic epidemiology: analysis for the meat market

The relationship between international trade and animal health is particularly important in the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) of the World Trade Organization - WTO. Supported by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), SPS measures are scientifically justified and play an important role in placing epidemiology at the center of decisions related to health and animal trade. The objective of this study was to discuss the interactions between the international meat trade and the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases of viral origin, in a debate on how the current Covid-19 pandemic could change the consumer behavior related to health and hygiene issues, and how the meat sector was affected by SPS measures, highlighting the relevance of Brazil in this context.

Epidemics and pandemics of infectious disease

Throughout the course of civilization, epidemics and pandemics have ravaged humanity, destroyed animal breeding and horticulture, and has also changed the course of history. It has been estimated that Justinian plague has affected half of the population of Europe and killed in three pandemics 50 million people, the avian-borne flu (Spanish flu), resulted in 50 million deaths worldwide in the years 1918-1919, and recently the COVID-19 is officially a pandemic, after barreling through 114 countries in just three months. In the past, rinderpest has hit Europe with three long panzootics, African swine fever (ASF), is still a threat to both the swine production industry and the health of wild boar populations. Several molecular changes occur in the pathogen that may trigger an epidemic or even pandemic. These include increase of virulence, introduction into a novel host, and changes in host susceptibility to the pathogen. Once the infectious disease threat reaches an epidemic or pandemic level, the goal of the response is to mitigate its impact and reduce its incidence, morbidity and mortality as well as disruptions to economic, political, and social systems. An epidemic curve shows progression of illnesses in an outbreak over time and the SIR, SI, SIRD and SEIR represent the simplest compartmental models that enable simplify the mathematical modelling of epidemics. This article throws a light on changing ideas in epidemiology of infectious diseases.

Are we in a veterinary workforce crisis?

This article describes the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rate of pet adoptions, provision and quality of veterinary services, staff working conditions, attitudes and well-being and solutions to address these and other issues in the veterinary profession.

The impact of COVID- 19 pandemic on animals and veterinarians

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic process on animals, animal caregiver, and veterinary students, clinical academicians and self-employed veterinarians in our country were evaluated in this study. By examining the available resources on the subject, the situation in our country and in the world has been revealed. In addition, information is given on the characteristics of the COVID-19 agent and the differences between animal species. New studies in dogs and especially cats, in which coronavirus infection is common, will help us to provide information concerning the effects of COVID-19 in these animals and the contamination patterns and course of the disease.

Coronaviruses in swine

This work aims to review about coronaviruses in swine, emblazoning there's differences. Transmissible gastroenteritis and epidemic diarrhea are imported diseases, as they generate a high mortality rate in lactating piglets and economic losses. These viruses reach enterocytes, causing villous atrophy;affected animals present watery diarrhea, vomiting, hypoxia and dehydration. Two other viruses have recently emerged, the swine deltacoronavirus and the swine acute diarrhea syndrome virus, which have pathogenicity and clinical signs similar to those described in previous diseases. In the other hand, the porcine respiratory coronavirus and the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus have distinct clinical signs. The first causes mild or subclinical respiratory manifestations and the second neurological signs, vomiting and emaciation, mostly affecting piglets younger than 4 weeks. As there is no specific treatment for these diseases, and vaccines do not provide full protection, a good biosecurity program is the main way to control and prevent them.

A world in forced pause: human relationships with other animals for global welfare

According to physics principles, any action produces a reaction and generates consequences. Under this premise, it is essential to reflect on the actions we have in our relationships with other animals in current times. Our actions always bring implications, in many cases, affecting the welfare of animals, humans, or the planet. A unique virus, COVID-19, caused a pandemic, with more than 50 million cases in 188 countries as of November 2020. Evidence indicates its spread was a consequence of the human relationship with wild animals used for marketing and consumption, generating radical changes in social and economic dynamics, and significantly impacting animals. The lockdowns slowed down daily life, forced stop using vehicles, and reduce our excessive consumption of things. In just a few months, nature has shown that fauna can return to places where it had not been present for decades, the water cleared, the air cleaned, and a kind of natural balance returned. During the forced human quarantine, the outlook for production animals showed the fragility and low resilience of high-density industrialized systems. The excess of animals in contrast to the low number of processing plants (large in size, and therefore fragile when facing a problem like this) resulted in the emergency slaughter of millions of animals on farms. In the case of companion animals, they have suffered collateral damage due to conscious or involuntary relinquishment due to cities' surprise closures;additionally, humans' constant presence at home has generated multiple behavioral problems. For animals in zoos, the situation is also difficult, as visitors' absence reduced incomes;it has put many zoos around the world at risk of closure. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on animal, environmental, and human welfare is clear. Hence, the objective is to analyze the impact of the pandemic on global welfare.